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Data Plane: The term data plane refers to the task that a networking device does to forward messages. Example: Anything to with receiving data, processing it, forwarding the same data. Data plane often called Forwarding plane. Adding or removing an 802.1Q trunking header, Matching Ethernet frame DMAC (L2 Switch). Control Plane: Control plane supply information to Data plane. Example: Data plane to forward packet need Routing info, to forward frame need MAC table To stop loop

What is VLAN and how does it function? A VLAN  (Virtual Local Area Network) is a way to segment a physical network into logical subgroups. This allows for greater network organization and security, as well as the ability to segment network traffic. What is the difference between a VLAN and a subnet? A VLAN  segments a physical network into logical subgroups, while a subnet  segments a larger IP address space into smaller subgroups. How does VLAN tagging work? VLAN tagging is

Why Are Ospf Neighbors Stuck In Init State--- 1- INIT State OSPF can be stuck in INIT due to the mismatch in hello packet parameters such as . -->>  Hello/dead intervals.  -->> Authentication.  -->>  Stubflag.  -->> Interface subnet mask.  -->> Area ID . MTU will come into the picture when the exstart state gets active (if there is an MTU mismatch it will not get into EXSTART) 2 - TWO-Way State -- If you are seeing neighborship stuck in 2-Way state, there could be possibiliti

OSPF Troubleshooting (Stuck in 2 way state or Exchange state) There is a difference between OSPF in 2-Way state and OSPF ‘stuck’ in 2-Way state. In a broadcast network, 2 routers who are neither DR or BDR, will form a 2-Way neighborship with each other and ‘FULL’ with the DR/BDRs If you are seeing neighborship stuck in 2-Way state, there could be two possibilities: a) In network segments with multiple OSPF routers, two routers are chosen as DR and BDR respectively based on th

Multicast Address 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255# Class D range which is made up of the high order bits  1110  followed by the 28 bit multicast group ID. There is no subnetting with these Class D addresses

IP Addressing The IP addressing framework allows one to address about 16,000,000 unique hosts for a Class A address, around 65,000 hosts for a Class B address, but only 254 hosts for a Class C address. However, there are no more Class A addresses available, and the InterNIC has stopped assigning Class B addresses. Class C addresses are the most numerous, but their limitation is that each can identify only 254 unique hosts. The IP address is composed of 32 bits, which consist

Top Interview Questions for Network Engineer / Network Administrator (Security) Are you looking for job as a Network Security Engineer?...

Windows Admin Interview Questions WINDOWS ADMIN INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Describe how the DHCP lease is obtained . It’s a four-step process consisting of (a) IP request, (b) IP offer, (c) IP selection and (d) acknowledgement. 2. I can’t seem to access the Internet, don’t have any access to the corporate network and on ipconfig my address is 169.254.*.*. What happened? The 169.254.*.* netmask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if the DHCP server is not available.

Router Boot Process Overview: A router goes through three steps when booting up: POST (Power-on Self Test) Locate and Load IOS Locate and Run Device Configuration File Before we explore this procedure in more detail, let’s familiarize ourselves with the types of memory used by the router. Usually, a router uses four types of memory: ROM FLASH NVRAM RAM ROM ROM (Read-Only Memory)  stores four components: POST, Bootstrap program, ROMMON mode, and Mini IOS. POST :POST (Power-on