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TCP 3-Way Handshake   A three-way handshake, also known as the TCP (TransmissionControl Protocol) handshake, is the process used to establish a reliable, secureconnection between two devices in a network. It is a key part of the TCP/IPprotocol suite and helps ensure that data is transmitted accurately andsecurely between the devices.   Here's how the three-way handshake works: Initial ConnectionRequest (SYN):  The initiating device sends a synchronization (SYN) messageto the

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IP Addressing The IP addressing framework allows one to address about 16,000,000 unique hosts for a Class A address, around 65,000 hosts for a Class B address, but only 254 hosts for a Class C address. However, there are no more Class A addresses available, and the InterNIC has stopped assigning Class B addresses. Class C addresses are the most numerous, but their limitation is that each can identify only 254 unique hosts. The IP address is composed of 32 bits, which consist

Router Boot Process Overview: A router goes through three steps when booting up: POST (Power-on Self Test) Locate and Load IOS Locate and Run Device Configuration File Before we explore this procedure in more detail, let’s familiarize ourselves with the types of memory used by the router. Usually, a router uses four types of memory: ROM FLASH NVRAM RAM ROM ROM (Read-Only Memory)  stores four components: POST, Bootstrap program, ROMMON mode, and Mini IOS. POST :POST (Power-on